Have you thought of VIG - Vacuum Insulated Glazing?
Two sheets of 4mm low-E glass, with just a 0.3mm vacuum gap between them. Held apart by 'pills' of - almost invisible - glass friit every inch or so.
It's not cheap, but VERY effective [about equivalent to triple glazing], and little heavier or thicker than a single pane. I have the same problem: badly-insulated [real] Georgian windows with four or six small panes to the casement, in a 1720's house in a Conservation Area.
i'm taking out the existing small panes, machining the glazing bars back to the bottom of the glazing rebate, putting in a single VIG pane for the whole casement, then adding treated hardwood astragals to the outside, to "carry" the visual effect of the glazing bars through.
Apart from cost, the problem is that VIG units are only made in the Far East [Japan/Korea/Taiwan/China] and have to be ordered in advance, and accurate to the millimetre. The advantage is that, unlike conventional "thin" double glazing, which typically lasts barely 5 years, VIG has lasted consistently over 20 years so far . .