Hmm, that's a hard one. So much of what has been written is about the tools - which survive - rather than the workshops, which disappear.
Excuse me sounding pedantic, but do you mean joinery rather than carpentry? In general, a carpenter works on site and does not have a static workshop.
For contemporary descriptions the usual texts say very little about the shops. I don't think Moxon has anything. In France, the works of Roubo and Diderot will have something, especially in the illustrations.
In the USA there are some surviving workshop museums at Colonial Williamsburg. You could look at their website and the Hay Cabinet shop blog. Also the Dominy workshop at Winterthur, which is described in detail in "With Hammer in Hand" by Charles Hummel (but that's a rare and expensive book now).
A book which comes very close, and will interest you if you ask a question like this, is " Building the Georgian City" by James Ayres. It describes how the various building trades were organised and how they worked. It's a large format book with excellent illustrations including several of joiners in their workshops and some of carpenters at work.
For ship work it might be worth starting with a visit to Plymouth or Chatham, though I think much of what there is to see will be 19th rather than 18th century.
One book which does describe how an 18th century ship was built is "Building the Wooden Walls" by Brian Lavery, which says it was written to accompany an exhibition at Chatham.
