I'm certainly no expert so this is only my thinking but I can't see how using a filter beyond it's expiration date would allow it to allow more fine dust through? I would have thought if anything over use of a filter will just clog the filter and make breathing more difficult.
This article seems to confirm my assumption
Does HEPA Filter Efficiency Decrease Over Time and With Age? – Smart Air Knowledge Base
My understanding with expiration dates is for chemical filters e.g. activated charcoal as they will gradually absorb things out of the air until they no longer work.
I can't see how a mechanical filter would expire just by being exposed to air?