Where did the Covid money go
The government borrowed ~£400bn from banks, pension funds etc for a furlough scheme, business support, PPE. vaccines etc. It gave cash to businesses, individuals etc to spend on supplies - food, raw materials, labour costs etc. Some may even eventually be repaid (business loans).
Shared across a UK population of ~70m is ~£6000 per person. This is not owed by individuals - it is a government obligation incurred on our behalf, upon which interest charges will accrue, until the loans are repaid. Repayment will be through total tax revenues raised by the Treasury.
The cash borrowed has simply been redistributed, ultimately to food producers, track and trace systems, pharmaceutical companies etc. This is not some gigantic fraud - cash (and credit) is the means of exchange without which developed economies could not function.
At an individual level, furlough payments were effectively a gift - rightly underpinned by a policy of providing support to limit hardship and job losses. No work was done for the cash received with no obligation for individual repayment.
To a material extent this will have driven inflationary pressures - cash chasing a reduced supply of goods and services has only one outcome - increased prices. Inflation devalues savings effectively placing part of the burden of repayment on those with cash assets.
Taxation
In many ways tax is just a business expense. Business seeks to minimise tax costs, as they do with all others - labour, energy costs, raw material, rents, communications etc. Suppliers compete to provide the best value - not just cost but quality, reliability etc.
Tax only differs from all other expenses in that it is imposed and collected by government.
Governments compete to provide the most attractive location for businesses with a mix of policies related to tax, regulation, infrastructure, stability, labour force etc.
Companies may exhibit social responsibility - building brand, compliance with best practice, even personal charitable initiatives (Cadbury, Gates etc). This would be short lived without profit which drives shareholder wealth, job security, decent pay, further investment etc. It is no surprise that:
- companies arrange their affairs to maximise profitability/reduce costs
- prioritise which markets they address based on strategic and tactical imperatives
- invest in locations offering the best investment returns
- may choose to exit markets which erect barriers to trade