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Paradoxically, filters become more efficient as they gather more debris; the downside is that they reduce the airflow at the same time - very often in large commercial ventilation applications they may be oversized to prolong life for this reason.
There are numerous technical standards on filter efficiency but, put simply, the efficiency and degeneration in use of a filter (and its degree of blockage) is generally gauged by measuring its pressure drop, either with a differential inclined manometer or you can make your own with a couple of short lengths of thin PVC tube bent in a 'U' and strapped to a scale and with a small amount of water.
One is positioned either side of the filter. Note the pressure drop on a clean filter then monitor during use. Unless you have manufacturers' recommendations, assume by rule-of-thumb that a 40% change in PD is the acceptable limit.
I should add that you will need an amount of duct either side for this to work; free standing filter assemblies are difficult to gauge other than by sight or a noticable drop in air-flow..
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